Who does what in a courtroom?
The people around you have specific jobs. Here's a plain-English guide.
Judge
The neutral decision-maker. The judge listens to both sides, manages the courtroom, and applies the law.
Tip: Stand when the judge enters. Address the judge as 'Your Honor.'
Clerk
The clerk handles court records and files. Ask the clerk about paperwork, filing, and case status. The clerk cannot give legal advice.
Tip: Have your case number ready when you call or visit.
Bailiff / Court Security
Keeps the courtroom safe and orderly. They may call your case and swear in witnesses.
Tip: Follow their instructions immediately and calmly.
Plaintiff's Attorney
Represents the person or company that started the case.
Tip: They are not your lawyer. You can still be polite and professional.
Defense Attorney
Represents the person being sued or accused.
Tip: If you cannot afford one, ask about legal aid or self-help resources.
Self-Represented Litigant (Pro Se)
You, representing yourself. You have the same rules and deadlines as attorneys.
Tip: Bring organized documents. Ask for clarification when needed.
Court Reporter
Creates a word-for-word record of what is said in court.
Tip: Speak clearly. Do not talk over others.
Interpreter
Translates for people who do not speak English fluently. Courts are required to provide interpreters for many hearings.
Tip: Ask the court in advance if you need one.
Witness
A person who tells the court what they know about the case.
Tip: Answer only the question asked. It is okay to say 'I do not know.'
Community Courtroom Navigator
A trained community helper who guides you to resources and helps you understand the process. Navigators do not give legal advice.
Tip: They can help you prepare and find the right people to talk to.